La segunda Gran Guerra, 1917-1923

Authors

  • Jay Winter Yale University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.435

Keywords:

Gran Guerra, segunda Gran Guerra, violencia post-imperial, primera posguerra europea

Abstract

Este artículo presenta una historia de la Gran Guerra dividida en dos partes, la primera de 1914 a 1917 y la segunda de 1917 a 1923. En este sentido, me hago eco de los avances en la historiografía, en la que se han sucedido dos cambios de importancia en los últimos años: primero, un cambio en el epicentro geográfico de París a Varsovia, y segundo, una variación en la cronología de la guerra reconociendo que no terminó en 1918.

Esta interpretación plantea que se dio una crisis en 1917 que separa los tres primeros años del conflicto de los años siguientes, y que fue fundamentalmente el resultado de potentes presiones económicas y demográficas que desestabilizaron a todos los contendientes, pero más a las Potencias Centrales que a los Aliados. Esta crisis amainó en Occidente, en cierto modo, en 1918, pero persistió de una forma exacerbada durante los siguientes cinco años. Odio, hambre y conflicto de clase fueron elementos de radicalización en el desorden del mundo post-imperial, a la deriva por el colapso de los imperios Hohenzollern, Habsburgo y Otomano. La violencia post-imperial fue un elemento endémico en estas regiones, fusionando guerra civil, conflictos étnicos y nacionales que se desarrollaron en esta segunda Gran Guerra. Mi argumento es que el paso de la crisis bélica a la violencia de posguerra y post-imperial se produjo sin solución de continuidad, siendo parte de una compleja pero característica fase de la historia europea, que empezaría en 1917 y terminaría en torno a 1923.

Por ende, entre los legados de las dos grandes guerras de 1914-1917 y 1917-1923 estaría la creación de una elisión entre guerra y guerra civil que precipitó una avalancha de violencia de un periodo de conflicto global hacia el otro. El resultado fue una degeneración en la forma de hacer la guerra, de una institución delimitada por límites políticos y legales a un campo de fuerza en el que pueblos enteros podían desaparecer de la faz de la tierra. Tal y como el genocidio armenio fue el resultado directo de la lógica de la guerra total de 1914-1917, el Holocausto fue la última manifestación de la ferocidad de la guerra civil total, esa forma de violencia emergida durante la segunda Gran Guerra de 1917-1923.

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Author Biography

  • Jay Winter, Yale University
    Jay Winter is the Charles J. Stille Professor of History Emeritus at Yale University.  He is a specialist on World War I and its impact on the 20th century.  Previously, Winter taught at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, the University of Warwick, the University of Cambridge, and Columbia University.  In 2001, he joined the faculty of Yale.  Winter is the author or co-author of 25 books, including Socialism and the Challenge of War; Ideas and Politics in Britain, 1912-18; Sites of Memory, Sites of Mourning: The Great War in European Cultural History; The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century; Rene Cassin and the rights of man, and most recently, War beyond words: Languages of remembrance from the Great War to the present.  In addition he has edited or co-edited 30 books and contributed 130 book chapters to edited volumes.  Winter was also co-producer, co-writer, and chief historian for the PBS/BBC series The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century, which won an Emmy Award, a Peabody Award and a Producers Guild of America Award for best television documentary in 1997.  He has received honorary doctorates from the University of Graz, the University of Leuven, and the University of Paris.

References

Charles TILLY: Strikes, Wars and Revolutions in an International Perspective, Cambridge and Paris, Cambridge University Press and Éditions de la MSH, 1989; Leopold HAIMSON and Giulio SAPELL (eds.): Strikes, Social Conflict and the First World War. An International Perspective, Milan Feltrinelli,1992.

Manuel GOMEZ-BRUFAL : Joseph Caillaux: Traitre our visionnaire, Paris Dualpha editions, 2014.

Harper BARNES: Never Been a Time: The 1917 Race Riot That Sparked the Civil Rights Movement, New York, Walker & Company, 2008.

Ernest FREEBERG: Democracy’s prisoner: Eugene V. Debs, the Great War and the right to dissent, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 2008.

E.A. SCHWARTZ: “The Lynching of Robert Prager, the United Mine Workers, and the Problems of Patriotism in 1918”, Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, 95:4 (2003), pp. 414-437.

Richard BESSEL: “Mobilization and demobilization in Germany, 1916-1919”, in John HORNE (ed.), State, society and mobilization during the First World War, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 50-67.

André LOEZ and Nicolas MARIOT (eds.): Obéir / Désobéir. Les mutineries de 1917 en perspective, Paris, La Découverte, 2008.

On the use of the term “climacteric” in economic history, see Donald N. McCLOSKEY: “The British Iron and Steel Industry, 1870-1914: A Study of the Climacteric in Productivity”, Journal of Economic History, 29:1 (1969), pp. 173-75.

Stéphane AUDOIN ROUZEAU and Annette BECKER : 1914-1918 Retrouver la guerre, Paris, Gallimard, 2000.

Marc FERRO: Ressentiment dans l’histoire: Comprendre notre temps, Paris, Odile Jacob, 2007.

William W. HAGEN: “The Moral economy of popular violence: The pogrom in Lwów, November 1918”, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 31:2 (2005), pp. 203-226.

For a fuller discussion, see Jay M. WINTER: The Great War and the British People, London, Macmillan, 1985, chapter 3.

See Wilhelm DEIST: Militär Staat und Gesellschaft. Studien zur preussisch-deutschen Militärgeschichte, Munich, Oldenbourg, 1991.

Adolf HITLER: Mein Kampf, New York, Reynal and Hitchcock, 1939.

L. BORCHARDT: “The impact of the war economy on the civilian population”, in Wilhem DEIST (ed.), The German Military in the age of total war, Oxford, Berg, 1984.

See A. OFFER: The First World War. An Agrarian interpretation, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990.

Amartya SEN: Poverty and Famines. An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation, Oxford, Blackwell, 1976.

See J.J. BECKER et al. (eds): Guerres et cultures, Paris, Armand Colin, 1994.

On this theme see Stéphane AUDOIN ROUZEAU: La guerre des enfants, 1914 1918: essai d’histoire culturelle, Paris, Armand Colin, 1993.

Peter GAY: The Cultivation of Hatred. The Burgeois Experience – Victoria to Freud, New York, Norton, 1993.

I owe this image to the late George Mosse. For a comparison which emphasises choice and contingency, see Jonathan STEINBERG: All or nothing. The Axis and the Holocaust, London, Routledge, 1990.

Paul PRESTON: The Spanish Holocaust. Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain, London, Harper Read, 2012.

Anna AKHMATOVA: Selected poems, trans. by Richard McKane, London, Bloodaxe Books, 1989, p. 96.

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Published

2018-07-11

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 14 (2018): La lógica de la guerra “irregular” en la Antigüedad

Section

Estudios

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How to Cite

La segunda Gran Guerra, 1917-1923. (2018). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 7(14). https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.435

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