From American hero to enemy of the Republic: On Mariano Melgarejo's coup d'état and the revolution that overthrew him (Bolivia, 1864-1871)

Authors

  • Marta Irurozqui Victoriano Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v12i24.978

Keywords:

Revolution, Mariano Melgarejo, Coup d'état, Dictatorship, Bolivia

Abstract

Through a historiographic revision of controversial Bolivian president Mariano Melgarejo's government, this paper delves into the protocols and underlying meaning of revolutionary movements in a dynamic, contextual and historical manner to shed light on the articulation of their civil and military components and the complex relationship between politics, violence and legislation. Not only are revolutionary movements explored in two of their potential modalities -the coup d'état and partisan insurgency-, but the provisional authoritarian or dictatorial government that might precede them is also interpreted as a means to consolidate revolutionary achievements. From this critical perspective, the stigmatizing view of 20th-21st century coup d'états and dictatorships is put into question, with a new interpretation being offered for comparable events in the 19th century. The text is divided into three parts. The first one, focused on the Melgarejista coup d'état, shows both its initial public support and acceptance and the unconstitutionality of the first opposition uprisings. The second part briefly describes the internal organization, mobilizing strategies, leaderships, main actors and rebel partisan rivalries, underlying how the successive insurrections from 1865 up to the campaigns of 1870-1871 were all parts of a single six-year revolutionary process period. Finally, the third part revolves around the rhetorical transmutation of Melgarejo from “American hero” dictator to tyrant so as to reflect, via the construction of the adversary's otherness, on the discursive fixation of the legal and legitimate dimensions in the exercise of governmental authority. The three components underline the public appreciation of republican institutions and the importance of making them known through the armed defense of the Constitution. To support this, various sources were consulted, such as press clippings, popular acts, proclamations, government messages, leaflets, memoirs, judicial records and congressional drafters.

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Author Biography

  • Marta Irurozqui Victoriano, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas

    Marta Irurozqui es Doctora en Historia de América por la Universidad Complutense de Madrid en 1992 y Magister en Historia Andina por la FLACSO-sede Ecuador en 1993. En la actualidad trabaja como Investigadora Científica en el Departamento de Estudios Americanos del Instituto de Historia (IH) del Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CCHS) del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC, España). Entre sus principales obras figuran: La armonía de las desigualdades. Elites y conflictos de poder en Bolivia, 1880-1920. Cusco, Coedición CSIC-CBC, 1994; "A bala, piedra y palo". La construcción de la ciuda­danía política en Bolivia, 1826-1952. Premio Nuestra América, 1998. Sevilla, Diputación de Sevilla, 2000, reeditada en La Paz, Biblioteca del Bicentenario de Bolivia/Vicepresidencia del Estado-presidencia de la asamblea Legislativa Plurinacional, 2019; Ciudadanos armados de ley. A propósito de la violencia en Bolivia, 1839-1875. La Paz-Lima, IFEA-Plural, 2018; o las ediciones Monográfico “Otra vuelta de tuerca. Justicia y violencia en Iberoamérica, siglo XIX” (junto a Flavia Macías), Revista de Indias LXXVI/266 (2016); El tribunal de la soberanía. El poder legislativo en la conformación de los Estados: América Latina, siglo XIX, Madrid, Marcial Pons-Universidad Michoacana San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 2020.

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Published

2023-06-27

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 24 (2023): Guerra y derecho en América Latina: entre las disposiciones y las prácticas; entre la excepción y la norma (siglo XIX)

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Dossier

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How to Cite

From American hero to enemy of the Republic: On Mariano Melgarejo’s coup d’état and the revolution that overthrew him (Bolivia, 1864-1871). (2023). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 12(24), 104-136. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v12i24.978

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