Muro de silencio: el campo de los estudios sobre genocidio y el caso guatemalteco

Ben Kiernan

doi:10.53351/ruhm.v8i17.567

Autores

Ben Kiernan Yale University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v8i17.567

Palavras-chave:

Genocidio, Guatemala, silencio, estudios sobre genocidio, compromiso social y científico

Resumo

En el presente estudio abordamos las diferentes fases que ha experimentado la construcción del campo de estudios específico dedicado a la cuestión del genocidio. De este modo, realizaremos un breve repaso por varios aspectos relativos a este campo, concretamente las premisas que guiaron su conformación, las subsecuentes alternativas y sus necesidades actuales. Así, en primer término, los debates teóricos en los estudios del genocidio discurrieron inicialmente en torno a la definición del hecho y las víctimas, mientras que posteriormente se debatieron sus causas, los perpetradores y las estructuras sociales que lo engendran. No obstante, el principal acento del artículo está colocado en el clamoroso silencio que los especialistas del campo tuvieron para con el genocidio en Guatemala. Desde que el genocidio tuvo lugar entre 1981 y 1983 hasta la publicación en 1999 del informe la Comisión de la Verdad auspiciada por la ONU, el caso guatemalteco no tuvo apenas relevancia en los estudios dedicados al genocidio. Posteriormente, con el cambio de siglo surgieron algunos trabajos que partieron de expertos que se encontraban trabajando sobre el terreno, aunque Guatemala continuó siendo un caso olvidado por buena parte de los estudios en torno a la cuestión del genocidio, algo que se ha ido progresivamente corrigiendo en los últimos años. Finalmente, se analiza el por qué se ha producido ese silencio en torno al tratamiento del genocidio guatemalteco, que depende tanto de cuestiones geopolíticas relativas a la Guerra Fría y el papel regional de Estados Unidos, como a elementos puramente contextuales. Así pues, ese silencio, que responde a circunstancias coyunturales y estructurales, permite indagar en los intersticios de un debate profundo sobre el papel del científico social.

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Biografia do Autor

Ben Kiernan, Yale University

Professor Ben Kiernan obtained his Ph.D. from Monash University, Australia, in 1983. He is the author of Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur(2007), which won the 2008 gold medal for the best work of history awarded by the Independent Publishers association, and the U.S. German Studies Association’s 2009 Sybil Halpern Milton Memorial Book Prize for the best book published in 2007-2008 dealing with Nazi Germany and the Holocaust in its broadest context, covering the fields of history, political science, and other social sciences, literature, art, and photography. In June 2009, the book’s German translation, Erde und Blut: Völkermord und Vernichtung von der Antike bis heute, won first place in Germany’s Nonfiction Book of the Month Prize Die Sachbücher des Monats, sponsored by Süddeutsche Zeitung and NDR Kultur. Kiernan’s work is featured in Fifty Key Thinkers on the Holocaust and Genocide (2011) and in Southeast Asia: Essential Readings (2006, 2013). His other awards include the Critical Asian Studies Prize for 2002, and an Honourable Mention in the “One of a Kind” category of the Canadian National Magazine Awards, for his 2006 co-authored article “Bombs over Cambodia.” Kiernan was also the recipient of the 2018 Inspiring Yale Award for the Yale School of Graduate Studies – Humanities, “for being an inspiration to the Yale University student body in and out of the class room.” Graduate students in the Humanities selected him for the award, presented at the 4th annual Inspiring Yale event on April 11, 2018. Kiernan was the subject of an extensive feature article in the “Ideas” section of the Paris daily Le Monde, published on September 1, 2018, under the heading, “Le Cambodge dans la peau ” (Cambodia under his skin). He has been appointed the inaugural Visiting Chair in Transregional Studies at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales and the Institute of Advanced Studies at Aix-Marseille University, France (2019-2020).
His most recent book is Việt Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present (2017), which was selected for “Review of the Month” in the Australian Book Review in June-July 2017.

Referências

Laura CARLSEN: “Genocide on Trial”, Nation, March 19 de marzo de 2012, pp. 8-9. Véase también Naomi ROHT-ARRIAZA: “Criminal Prosecutions for Genocide in Guatemala”, en Etelle HIGONNET (ed.), Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981–1983, New Brunswick, Transaction, 2008, pp. 135-155.

“Former Dictator Faces Genocide Retrial in Guatemala”, New York Times, 26 de agosto de 2015, A9.

International Center for Transitional Justice: “Guatemala’s Search for Justice Continues”:

http://ictj.org/news/guatemala%E2%80%99s-search-justice-continues-conversation-prosecutor-general-claudia-paz [consultado por última vez el 11-04-2012].

Laura CARLSEN: op. cit., p. 9.

Leo KUPER: International Action Against Genocide, London, Minority Rights Group, 1982, p. 9.

Leo KUPER: “Types of Genocide and Mass Murder”, en Israel W. CHARNY (ed.), Towards the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide, Boulder, Westview, 1984, pp. 32-47. Charny confirma que Kuper completó y presentó este artículo en 1983; comunicación personal, 28 de febrero de 2013.

Leo KUPER: The Prevention of Genocide, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1985, p. 222.

Leo KUPER: “Other Selected Cases of Genocide and Genocidal Massacres”, en Israel W. CHARNY (ed.), Genocide: A Critical Bibliographical Review, London, Mansell, 1988, p. 167-168.

Comisión para el Esclaricimiento Histórico (CEH), Guatemala, memoria del silencio, 10 vols., 1999, parágrafos 3214, 3241, 3584.

CEH: Guatemala, memoria del silencio, translation in Higonnet, Quiet Genocide, 21, 127; CEH: Guatemala: Memory of Silence, 1999; Greg GRANDIN: “History, Motive, Law, Intent: Combining Historical and Legal Methods in Understanding Guatemala’s 1981–1983 Genocide”, en Robert GELLATELY and Ben KIERNAN (eds.), The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective, Nueva York, Cambridge, 2003, p. 339.

CEH: Guatemala: Memory of Silence, 1; Greg GRANDIN: op. cit. pp. 339-349, 339; Victoria Sanford: “Si Hubo Genocidio in Guatemala ! – Yes, There Was a Genocide in Guatemala”, en Dan STONE (ed.), The Historiography of Genocide, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2008, pp. 546-548.

AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL: Massive Extrajudicial Executions in Rural Areas under President General Efraín Ríos Montt, Londres, 1982; SURVIVAL INTERNATIONAL: Witness to Genocide: The Present Situation of Indians in Guatemala, Londres, 1983.

TRIBUNAL PERMANENTE DE LOS PUEBLOS: Sesión Guatemala, Madrid, 27–31 enero 1983, Madrid, IEPALA, 1984, 177–237; Susanne JONAS et al (eds.): Guatemala: Tyranny on Trial: Testimony of the Permanent People’s Tribunal, San Francisco, Synthesis, 1984, p. 112–119.

Michael MCCLINTOCK: The American Connection, vol. 2, State Terror and Popular Resistance in Guatemala, Londres, Zed, 1985, p. 240–259.

Robert M. CARMACK: Harvest of Violence: the Maya Indians and the Guatemalan Crisis, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1988, p. xii.

Charles D. BROCKETT: “Sources of State Terrorism in Rural Central America”, en T. BUSHNELL et al. (eds.) State Organized Terror: The Case of Violent Internal Repression, Boulder, Westview, 1991, 59–76.

Charles BROCKETT: op. cit. p. 71.

Barbara HARFF: Genocide and Human Rights, University of Denver, Interna¬tional Studies, 1984, p. 4.

Barbara HARFF: “State Perpetrators of Mass Political Murder since 194”, trabajo presentado en la conferencia State Organized Terror en Michigan State University, Noviembre 1988, estimación de víctimas entre los “Indios” (“víctimas comunales) e “Izquierdistas” (“víctimas políticas”) en “30.000–63.000” en “Guatemala 1966–84” (Apéndice y nota b). Ver también Walter K. EZELL, “Investigating Genocide: A Catalog of Known and Suspected Cases, and Some Categories for Comparing Them” trabajo publicado en Remembering for the Future: Working Papers and Agenda, vol. III, The Impact of the Holocaust and Genocide on Jews and Christians, Oxford, Pergamon, 1989, 2880–92, at 2887.

Isidor WALLIMAN y Michael N. DOBKOWSKI (eds): Genocide in the Modern Age, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 1987; Frank CHALK y Kurt JONASSOHN: The History and Sociology of Genocide: Analyses and Case Studies, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1990; Lawrence LE BLANC: The United States and the Genocide Convention, Durham, Duke, 1991.

Helen FEIN: “Genocide: A Sociological Perspective”, special issue de Current Sociology, 38:1 (1990), pp. 87-88.

También, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL: Guatemala: The Human Rights Record, Lon¬dres, 1987, pp. 53-100, 161-168.

Samuel TOTTEN: “First–Person Accounts of Genocidal Acts”, en Israel W. CHARNY (ed.), Genocide: A Critical Bibliographical Review, vol. II, Londres, Mansell, 1991, pp. 322-331.

Robert MELSON: Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Barbara HARFF: “Recognizing Genocides and Politicides”, en Helen FEIN (ed.), Genocide Watch, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1992, pp. 27–41.

Rudolph RUMMEL: Death by Government, New Brunswick, NJ, 1994; Herbert HIRSCH: Genocide and the Politics of Memory: Studying Death to Preserve Life, Chapel Hill, UNC Press, 1995.

Ben KIERNAN (ed.) Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia, New Haven, Yale Council on Southeast Asia Studies, 1993, Introduction, p. 11.

Ben KIERNAN: “Genocide and ‘Ethnic Cleansing”, en Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion, Washington DC, Congressional Quarterly, 1998, pp. 294-299.

Samuel TOTTEN, W. PARSONS (ed.): Century of Genocide, Nueva York, Garland, 1995, pp. 496, 517-524.

Andrew BELL-FIALKOFF: Ethnic Cleansing, Nueva York, St. Martin’s, 1996; Steven R. RATNER y Jason ABRAMS: Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy, Oxford, Clarendon University Press, 1997; Levon CHORBAJIAN y George SHIRINIAN (eds.): Studies in Comparative Genocide, Nueva York, St. Martin’s Press, 1999; Kurt JONASSOHN y Karin BJÖRNSON: Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations, New Brunswick, Transaction, 1998; Mark LEVENE y Penny ROBERTS (eds.): The Massacre in History, Nueva York, Berghahn, 1999.

Guatemala – Nunca Más, vols. 1–4, Guatemala City, ODHA, 1998; Patrick BALL et al: State Violence in Guatemala 1960–1996: A Quantitative Reflection, Washington, AAAS, 1999.

Samuel TOTTEN: “Guatemala, Genocide”, en Israel CHARNY (ed.): Encyclopedia of Genocide, Santa Barbara, ABC-Clio, 1999, I, 281-283.

William SCHABAS: Genocide in International Law, Cambridge, CUP, 2000, p. 168-169; Stig FÖRSTER y Gerhard HIRSCHFELD (eds.): Genozid in der Modernen Geschichte, Jahrbuch für Historiche Friedensforschung 7 (1999), 39; Roger W. SMITH (ed.): Genocide: Essays Toward Understanding, Early Warning, and Pre¬vention, Williamsburg, 1999; Mark LEVENE: “Why Is the Twentieth Century the Century of Genocide?”, Journal of World History, 11:2 (Fall 2000), 305-336; Daniel CHIROT y Martin SELIGMAN (eds.): Ethnopolitical Warfare, Washington, American Psychological Asso¬ciation, 2001; John G. HEYDENRICH: How to Prevent Genocide, New York, Praeger, 2001; Carol RITTNER et al. (eds.): Will Genocide Ever End ?, St. Paul, Paragon, 2002; Samuel TOTTEN y Steven JACOBS (eds.): Pioneers of Genocide Studies, New Brunswick, Transaction, 2002, p. 495.

Por ejemplo: Jennifer SCHIRMER: The Guatemalan Military Project: A Violence Called Democracy, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998; Daniel WILKINSON: Silence on the Mountain: Stories of Terror, Betrayal, and Forgetting in Guatemala, Boston, Houghton Mifflin, 2002.

Victoria Sanford, comunicación personal, 11 de febrero de 2013.

Victoria SANFORD: Buried Secrets: Truth and Human Rights in Guatemala, Nueva York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2003; and Violencia y genocidio en Guatemala, Guatemala, F&G, 2003.

James WALLER: Becoming Evil, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp. 197-201.

Linda GREEN: “Fear as a Way of Life”, en Alexander HINTON (ed.), Genocide: An Anthropological Reader, Oxford, Blackwell, 2002, pp. 307–333; Beatriz Manz: “Terror, Grief, Recovery: Genocidal Trauma in a Mayan Village in Guatemala”, en Alexander HINTON (ed.), Annihilating Difference, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2002, pp. 292-309.

M. Cherif BASSIOUNI, Post-Conflict Justice, Nueva York, Transnational, 2002, pp. 785-795.

Greg GRANDIN: op.cit.

Benjamin A. VALENTINO: Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2004, p. 196.

Daniel CHIROT and Clark MCCAULEY: Why Not Kill Them All? The Logic and Prevention of Mass Political Murder, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2006, p. 178; Adam JONES: Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, Nueva York, Routledge, 2006, p. 77. Veáse también Adam JONES (ed.): Genocide, War Crimes and the West: History and Complicity, Londres, ZED Books, 2004, p. 154-155.

En estas doce obras, en un total de casi 200 páginas de índices no se incluyen menciones a Guatemala o o los mayas.

Los casos que Midlarsky reconoció como excluídos fueron Bosnia, Nanking y el genocidio Herero.

Samuel TOTTEN y W. PARSONS (ed.): op. cit.

Susanne JONAS: “Guatemala: Acts of Genocide and Scorched-Earth Counterinsurgency War”, en Samuel TOTTEN y W. PARSONS (ed.), op. cit., pp. 377–411.

Jacques SEMELIN: Purifier et Détruire: usages politiques des massacres et génocides, Paris, Seuil, 2005 y Comprendre les génocides du XXe siècle: comparer-enseigner, Rosny-sous-Bois, Éditions Bréal, 2007.

Marcello FLORES (ed.): Storia, verità, giustizia: I crimini del XX secolo, Milán, Mondadori, 2001; Roberto LOCATELLI: Il Sangue degli Innocenti: I genocide del Novocento, Milán, Nuovo Autori, 2010. (Agradezco al señor Locatelli por envíarme una copia y una traducción de su libro al inglés); Marcello FLORES: Tutta la violenza di un secolo, Milán, Feltrinelli, 2005, p. 168-169.

Israel W. CHARNY and Uriel LEVY, comunicaciones personales, 2 y 31 de marzo de 2013.

Dan STONE: “Introduction”, en Dan STONE (ed.), The Historiography of Genocide, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2008.

Barbara HARFF: “Recognizing Genocides and Politicides”, en International Studies Quarterly 32:3 (1988), 359-371.

Ben KIERNAN: Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2007.

Rudolph RUMMEL: Death by Government, New Brunswick, Transaction, 2011.

Mark LEVENE: Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State, v. I, The Meaning of Genocide, London, Tauris, 2005.

Mark LEVENE, Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State, v. II, The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide, London, Tauris, 2005.

Patrick WOLFE: Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology, London, Cassell, 1999; A. Dirk MOSES (ed.): Genocide and Settler Society, New York, Berghahn, 2004; John DOCKER: “Are Settler Colonies Inherently Genocidal ?”, en Dirk MOSES (ed.), Empire, Colony, Genocide, New York, Berghahn, 2009.

Zygmunt BAUMAN: Modernity and the Holocaust, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University Press, 2000.

Eric D. WEITZ: A Century of Genocide: Utopias of Race and Nation, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003.

Leo KUPER: Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1981; Frank CHALK y Kurt JONASSOHN: op. cit., pp. 230-248; Israel CHARNY et al., Century of Genocide, capítulo 1.

Frank CHALK y Kurt JONASSOHN: op. cit., p. 378-383; Helen FEIN: “Revolutionary and Antirevolutionary Genocides: A Comparison of State Murders in Democratic Kampuchea, 1975 to 1979, and in Indonesia, 1965 to 1966”, Comparative Studies in Society and History, 35:4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 796–823.

Greg GRANDIN: “Politics by Other Means: Guatemala’s Quiet Genocide”, en Etelle HIGONNET (ed.), Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981-1983, New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 2009, p. 13.

Ibídem, p. 1.

Jeff JACOBY: “Double standards, left and right”, Boston Globe, 15 de marzo de 1999, A23.

W.E. GUTMAN: “Our Pals to the South”, Nation, 16 de abril de 2012, p. 2.

Puangthong RUNGSWASDISAB: Thailand’s Response to the Cambodian Genocide, New Haven, Genocide Studies Program Working Paper, 12, 1999.

Jennifer SCHIRMER: op. cit., p. 169.

Ronald Reagan, en Weekly Compilation of Presidential Statements, 13 de diciembre de 1982, cit. en Jennifer SCHIRMER: op. cit., p. 33.

Jeff JACOBY: op. cit.

Victoria SANFORD: Buried Secrets..., pp. 170-171.

Charles BROCKETT: op. cit. p. 73.

Christian GERLACH, Extremely Violent Societies: Mass Violence in the Twentieth- Century World, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 216.

Jennifer SCHIRMER: op. cit., pp. 59, 72, 152, 161, 165.

Una década más tarde, Etelle Higonnet y otros presentaron Quiet Genocide: Guatemala 1981–1983, un único volumen publicado en inglés en 2008 que ofrece traducciones de los hallazgos de genocidio en el informe en español Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico titulado Guatemala, memoria del silencio (10 vols., 1999).

Israel W. CHARNY: “The Conference Crisis: The Turks, Armenians and the Jews”, en Israel CHARNY (ed.), International Conference on the Holocaust and Geno¬cide, I, The Conference Program and Crisis, Tel Aviv, 1983, pp. 269-321; Israel CHARNY: Toward the Understanding and Prevention of Genocide, Abingdon, Routledge, 1984.

Greg GRANDIN: “Politics by Other Means...”, p. 13.

Frank Chalk y Kurt Jonassohn incluían muchos ejemplos de este tipo en su antología de 1990 History and Sociology of Genocide (op. cit., pp. 173–222), pero otros expertos prestaron poca atención a este fenómeno histórico.

Hannah ARENDT: The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1951.

Steven L. JACOBS (ed.): Lemkin on Genocide, Lanham, Lexington, 2012; Ann CURTHOYS: “Raphael Lemkin’s Tasmania: An Introduction”, Patterns of Prejudice, 39:2 (2005), pp. 162-196.

Michael A. MCDONNELL y A. Dirk MOSES: “Raphael Lemkin as historian of genocide in the Americas”, Journal of Genocide Research, 7:4 (2005), pp. 501–529.

A. Dirk MOSES (ed.): Genocide, London, Routledge, 2010, v. I, The Discipline of Genocide Studies, “Introduction”, pp. 1-23.

A. Dirk MOSES: “Conceptual Blockages and Definitional Dilemmas in the ‘Racial Century’: Genocides of Indigenous Peoples and the Holocaust”, Patterns of Prejudice, 36:4, (2002), pp. 7-36.

Tony JUDT y Timothy SNYDER: Thinking the Twentieth Century, New York, Penguin, 2012, p. xiii.

A. Dirk MOSES (ed.): Genocide..., p. 6.

David DAY: “Disappeared”, The Monthly (Melbourne), abril de 2008.

Dan Stone ha escrito para otro contexto que «si esto es genocidio , ¿qué más podemos decir?, ¿porqué tendríamos que intentar comprender los patrones de interacción, violentos o de cualquier otra naturaleza, que se ocultan tras los acontecimientos?». “Introduction”, en id., The Historiography of Genocide, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 2008, p. 1. Stone incluye un capítulo en el volúmen de Victoria Sanford, «Si Hubo Genocidio – Yes, There Was a Genocide in Guatemala», pp. 543–576.

David DAY: op. cit.

A. Dirk MOSES: “Paranoia and Partisanship: Genocide Studies, Holocaust Historiography, and the ‘Apocalyptic Conjuncture’”, The Historical Journal, 54: 2 (2011), pp. 553-583.

A. Dirk MOSES: “Conceptual Blockages and Definitional Dilemmas in the ‘Racial Century’: Genocides of Indigenous Peoples and the Holocaust”, Patterns of Prejudice, 36:4, (2002), p. 20.

David DAY: op. cit..

David DAY: op. cit.; A. Dirk MOSES (ed.): Genocide..., p. 7.

Janet ALBRECHTSON, Australian, 23 de agosto de 2006, cit. en Raymond EVANS: “The Country Has Another Past: Queensland and the History Wars”, en Frances PETERS-LITTLE y Ann CURTHOYS (eds.), Passionate Histories: Myth, Memory and Indigenous Australia, Canberra, ANU e-Press, Aboriginal History Monograph 21, 2010, pp. 9-38.

A. Dirk MOSES (ed.): Genocide..., p. 6.

Mark LEVENE: Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State, v. I, The Meaning of Genocide, Londres, Tauris, 2005, p. 108, 128, 140, 161.

Kevin LEWIS O’NEILL: “Writing Guatemala’s Genocide: truth and recon¬ciliation reports and Christianity” y Marcia ESPARZA: “Post-War Guate¬mala: long-term effects of psychological and ideological militarization of the K’iche Mayans”, Journal of Genocide Research, 7:3 (Sept. 2005), pp. 331-349 y 377-391. Desde una perspectiva diferente a la de los “post-liberales” Benja¬min Madley había mencionado el genocidio guatemalteco en la primera página de su artículo: “Patterns of Frontier Genocide”, Journal of Genocide Research, 6:2 (June 2004), pp. 167-192.

Yuji ISHIDA: “Genocide in Guatemala”, Comparative Genocide Studies, 2 (2005/2006), pp. 56-59.

A. Dirk MOSES (ed.): Genocide..., pp. 3–4; Leo KUPER: The Prevention of Genocide..., p. 222.

CEH, Guatemala, memoria del silencio (1999).

Adam JONES: Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction, London, 2011, pp. 139-148.

Alex ALVAREZ: “The Prevention and Intervention of Genocide During the Cold War Years”, en Samuel TOTTEN (ed.), The Prevention and Intervention of Genocide, New Brunswick, Transaction, 2008, pp. 12-13, 21.

Dan STONE: Historiography of Genocide..., pp. 543-576; Victoria SANFORD: “What is an Anthropology of Genocide?”, en Hinton, ALEXANDER y Kevin O’NEILL (eds.), Genocide, Truth, Memory, and Representation: Anthropological Approaches, Dur¬ham, Duke University Press, 2009.

René PROVOST y Payam AKHAVAN (eds.): Confronting Genocide, London, 2011, p. 2; Adam JONES, (ed.), New Directions in Genocide Research, London, 2012, pp. 115-117.

Higonnet, Quiet Genocide...; Daniel ROTHENBERG (ed.): Memory of Silence: The Guatemalan Truth Commission Report, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

Philip SPENCER: Genocide since 1945, Routledge, New York, 2012, pp. 72-77.

Muro de silencio: el campo de los estudios sobre genocidio y el caso guatemalteco

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