The Shadow of Restoration. Military Threats and Political Turns during the Revolution in Río de la Plata, 1814-1815

Authors

  • Gabriel Di Meglio CONICET/ Universidad de Buenos Aires/ Universidad Nacional de San Martín
  • Alejandro M. Rabinovich CONICET/ Universidad Nacional de La Pampa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i15.469

Keywords:

revolution, monarchical restoration, war, diplomacy, Rio de la Plata

Abstract

Of all the major revolutionary strongholds in Spanish America, Rio de la Plata was curiously the only one to never fall back into royalist hands. This rioplatense exceptionality resulted in local historiography paying little attention to the, however, highly transcendental consequences of victorious monarchical restoration from 1814 onward. Starting with an analysis of the counterrevolutionary trends present in the Rio de la Plata region since the outbreak of the revolution and their alleged weaknesses, this paper evaluates how the threat of military expeditions and the adverse international context conditioned the conservative –and to a great extent, monarchical- turn of the main local political leaders at the beginning of the second half of the revolutionary decade. This article pays particular attention to the 1814-1815 period in Río de la Plata -a political moment haunted by the ultimately averted threat of General Morillos’s Expedition- in order to reinterpret the positions of a number of political actors facing an imminent invasion, and demonstrate that, even though revolutionaries were confident in their military strength, they greatly feared the possibility of one of the revolutionary factions realigning with the King. In this sense, the revolutionary parties presented the peninsular expedition as an opportunity to overcome the division between two concurrent leaderships: that of the Buenos Aires-based Directory and that of the Banda Oriental led by José Artigas. We shall demonstrate, however, how Morillo’s detour to Venezuela reignited tensions among revolutionaries, and how the Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental, with Buenos Aires’ consent, could in fact be interpreted as a local variation of the monarchical Restoration. Based on diplomatic correspondence between Porteños, Orientales, Portuguese and Spanish agents, this paper combines thus the contributions of the new political history with those of the social history of war.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Gabriel Di Meglio, CONICET/ Universidad de Buenos Aires/ Universidad Nacional de San Martín
    Gabriel Di Meglio es Doctor en Historia por la Universidad Buenos Aires. Es investigador independiente de CONICET, con sede en el Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana “Dr. Emilio Ravignani”, y profesor de historia argentina de los siglos XVIII y XIX en las carreras de historia de la UBA y Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Es autor de los libros ¡Viva el bajo pueblo! La plebe urbana de Buenos Aires y la política entre la Revolución de Mayo y el rosismo (2006), ¡Mueran los salvajes unitarios! La Mazorca y la política en tiempos de Rosas (2007), Historia de las clases populares en la Argentina desde 1516 hasta 1880 (2012), Manuel Dorrego. Vida y muerte de un líder popular (2012), 1816. La trama de la independencia (2016), y ha compilado otros libros sobre historia popular. Desde 2014  es director el Museo Histórico Nacional del Cabildo de Buenos Aires y de la Revolución de Mayo.
  • Alejandro M. Rabinovich, CONICET/ Universidad Nacional de La Pampa

    Alejandro M. Rabinovich es Doctor en Historia y Civilización por la Escuela de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Sociales de Paris. Se desempeña como investigador adjunto del CONICET y profesor de Historia Argentina en la Universidad Nacional de La Pampa. Es autor de los libros La société guerrière. Pratiques, discours et valeurs militaires dans le Rio de la Plata, 1806-1852 (Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2013) ; Ser soldado en las Guerras de Independencia. La experiencia cotidiana de la tropa en el Río de la Plata, 1810-1824, (Sudamericana, 2013) y Anatomía del pánico. La batalla de Huaqui o la derrota de la Revolución (1811), (Sudamericana, 2017). Especialista en el estudio del fenómeno de la guerra en procesos revolucionarios y de formación estatal, ha recibido el premio de Historia Militar de Francia en 2010.

References

Alejandro M. RABINOVICH, Anatomía del pánico. La batalla de Huaqui o la derrota de la revolución (1811), Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, 2017.

Ana FREGA: “Caudillos y montoneras en la revolución radical artiguista”, Andes. Antropología e Historia, 13 (2002), pp.75-112.

Ana FREGA: Pueblos y soberanía en la revolución artiguista, Montevideo, Ed. Banda Oriental, 2007.

Ana FREGA: “Alianzas y proyectos independentistas en los orígenes del 'Estado Cisplatino'”, en Ana FREGA (coord.), Historia regional e independencia del Uruguay. Proceso histórico y revisión crítica de sus relatos, Montevideo, Ediciones de la Banda Oriental, 2009.

Ana RIBEIRO: Los muy fieles. Leales a la Corona en el proceso revolucionario rioplatense. Montevideo / Asunción. 1810-1820, 2 tomos, Montevideo, Planeta, 2013.

Anthony MC FARLANE: War and Independence in Spanish America, New York, 2014, pp. 288-291.

Armando BAZÁN: “La Rioja en la época de la Independencia”, Trabajos y comunicaciones, 15 (1966), UNLP, pp. 55-74.

Augusto E. MAILLÉ: La Revolución de mayo a través de los impresos de la época, Primera Serie, Tomo II 1812-1815, Buenos Aires, 1965.

Carlos ESCUDÉ y Andrés CISNEROS: Historia de las Relaciones Exteriores Argentinas, Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales, 2000.

Carlos ROBERTS: Las Invasiones Inglesas del Río de la Plata, 1806-1807, Buenos Aires, Emecé, 2000.

Clément THIBAUD: República en armas. Los ejércitos bolivarianos en la guerra de Independencia en Colombia y Venezuela. Bogotá, Planeta, 2003.

COMISIÓN NACIONAL ARCHIVO ARTIGAS, Archivo Artigas, 34 vol., Montevideo, 1950-2003.

Edmundo A HEREDIA: “El destino de la expedición de Morillo”, Anuario de Estudios Americanos de Sevilla, 29. 1972, pp. 315-342.

Edmundo A HEREDIA: Planes españoles para reconquistar Hispanoamérica (1810-1818), Buenos Aires, Eudeba, 1974.

Fabián HERRERO, Movimientos de Pueblo. La política en Buenos Aires luego de 1810, Buenos Aires, Ediciones Cooperativas, 2007.

Gabriel DI MEGLIO, ¡Viva el bajo pueblo! La plebe urbana de Buenos Aires y la política entre la Revolución de Mayo y el rosismo, Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2006.

Gabriel DI MEGLIO: “Patria”, en Javier Fernández SEBASTIÁN (dir.), Diccionario político y social del mundo iberoamericano. Conceptos políticos fundamentales 1770-1870 [Iberconceptos II], tomo 8 (Patria), Madrid, Universidad del País Vasco/Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 2014, pp. 37-50.

Gabriel DI MEGLIO, 1816. La trama de la independencia, Buenos Aires, Planeta, 2016.

Gabriel ENTIN et.al: Crear la independencia: Historia de un problema argentino, Buenos Aires, Capital Intelectual, 2016.

Geneviève VERDO: “En vísperas del congreso. La construcción de una identidad política en las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata en los años 1815 y 1816”, Anuario del IEHS, n° 21, Tandil, 2006.

Guillermo WILDE: Religión y poder en las misiones de guaraníes, Buenos Aires, SB, 2009.

Gustavo PAZ: “‘El orden es el desorden’. Guerra y movilización campesina en la campaña de Jujuy, 1815-1821”, en Raúl FRADKIN y Jorge GELMAN (comps.), Desafíos al orden. Política y sociedades rurales durante la Revolución de Independencia, Rosario, Prohistoria, 2008, pp. 83-101.

Jaime E. RODRÍGUEZ, La independencia de la América española, México, FCE, 2010.

João Paulo PIMENTA: Estado y Nación hacia el final de los imperios ibéricos. Río de la Plata y Brasil, 1808-1828, Buenos Aires, Sudamericana, 2012.

José M. PORTILLO VALDÉS, Crisis Atlántica. Autonomía e independencia en la crisis de la monarquía hispana, Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2006.

Juan MARCHENA: “¿Obedientes al rey y desleales a sus ideas? Los liberales españoles ante la “reconquista” de América durante el primer absolutismo de Fernando VII. 1814-1820”, en Juan MARCHENA y Manuel CHUST (eds.) Por la fuerza de las armas. Ejército e independencias en Iberoamérica, Universidad Jaume I, Castellón, 2008, pp. 1-64.

Marcela ECHEVERRI: Indian and Slave Royalists in the Age of Revolution: Reform, Revolution, and Royalism in the Northern Andes, 1780-1825, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2016.

Marcela TERNAVASIO, Gobernar la Revolución. Poderes en disputa en el Río de la Plata, 1810-1816, Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI, 2007.

Marcela TERNAVASIO: “¿Un bienio crucial? Una mirada sobre la independencia en el corredor luso-hispano-criollo”, Academia Nacional de la Historia, en http://www.anh.org.ar/noticia.php?id=203titulo:%20%C2%BFUn-bienio-crucial?-Una-mirada-sobre-la-independencia-en-el-corredor-luso-hispano-criollo

Margaret L. WOODWARD: “The Spanish Army and the Loss of America, 1810-1824”, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 48:4 (1968), pp. 586-607.

María Luisa SOUX, “Legalidad, legitimidad y lealtad: apuntes sobre la compleja posición política en Charcas (1808-1811)”, en Veronique HÉBRARD y Geneviève VERDO (coord.) Las independencias hispanoamericanas: un objeto de historia, Madrid, Casa Velázquez, 2013, pp. 101-116.

Mariana A. PÉREZ, "Viva España y mueran los Patricios!. La conspiración de Álzaga de 1812", en Mónica ALABART, María Alejandra FERNÁNDEZ y Mariana PÉREZ (eds), Buenos Aires, una sociedad que se transforma: entre la colonia y la Revolución de Mayo, Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2011.

Mariana A. PÉREZ, “La construcción del enemigo: el antiespañolismo en la literatura revolucionaria porteña (1810-1820)”, Anuario del Instituto de Historia Argentina, 10, 2010, pp. 37-55.

Mariana A. PÉREZ, “Un grupo caído en desgracia. Los españoles europeos de Buenos Aires y la Revolución de Mayo”, Entrepasados. Revista de Historia, 35, 2009, pp. 109-127.

Michael COSTELOE: “Spain and the Spanish American Wars of Independence: The Comisión de Reemplazos, 1811–1820”, Journal of Latin American Studies, 13:2 (1981), pp. 223-237.

Miquéias H. MUGGE: Prontos a contribuir: guardas nacionais, hierarquias sociais e cidadania. Província do Rio Grande do Sul – século XIX, São Leopoldo, Oikos, Unisinos, 2012.

Noemí GOLDMAN: “Buenos Aires, 1810: la ‘revolución’, el dilema de la legitimidad y de las representaciones de las soberanía del pueblo”, Historia y política, 24 (2010).

Pablo FERREIRA: “Los amotinados de la Matriz. Una aproximación al estudio del conflicto social y político en el ocaso del poder español en Montevideo”, Avances de Investigación. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la educación 2011-2012. Docentes, Montevideo, FHCE-Udelar, 2013, pp. 23-42.

Pilar GONZÁLEZ BERNALDO: “Producción de una nueva legitimidad: ejército y sociedades patrióticas en Buenos Aires entre 1810 y 1813”, en AAVV, Imagen y recepción de la Revolución Francesa en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, Grupo Editor Latinoamericano, 1990, pp. 27-51.

Raúl O. FRADKIN: “La revolución en los pueblos del litoral rioplatense”, Estudos Ibero-Americanos, 36:2 (2010), Porto Alegre, pp. 242-265.

Raúl O. FRADKIN: “Las formas de hacer la guerra en el litoral rioplatense”, en Susana BANDIERI (comp.), La historia económica y los procesos de independencia en la América hispana, Buenos Aires, AAHE/Prometeo Libros, 2010, pp. 167-214.

Sara MATA: Los gauchos de Güemes. Guerras de independencia y conflicto social, Buenos Aires, Editorial Sudamericana, 2008.

Tulio HALPERIN DONGHI: De la Revolución de Independencia a la Confederación rosista, Buenos Aires., Paidós, 1985.

Valentina AYROLO, “La ciudad cooptada. Refractarios revolucionarios en Córdoba del Tucumán (1810-1816)”, Anuario IEHS, 26, 2011, pp. 11-29.

Valentina AYROLO: “Resistencias al Orden. Las formas del poder local en épocas de transición. La Rioja, 1812-1816”, en Ana FREGA NOVALES y otros, História, Regiões e Fronteiras, Santa Maria, FACOS-UFSM, 2012, pp. 199-215.

Downloads

Published

— Updated on 2018-12-29

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 15 (2018): La Restauración como fenómeno extra-europeo, 1814-1826

Section

Dossier

License

Copyright (c) 2018 University Journal of Military History

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

The Shadow of Restoration. Military Threats and Political Turns during the Revolution in Río de la Plata, 1814-1815. (2018). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 7(15). https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i15.469

Similar Articles

1-10 of 618

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.